What is philosophy?

When embarking on the study of philosophy, one may naturally pose the question: "What exactly is philosophy?" This seemingly straightforward query, however, unfolds into a complex realm, as philosophy defies confinement to a singular discourse or rigid way of thinking. Nevertheless, it is essential to seek an answer, for how can one practice philosophy without grasping its true essence?

To approach this inquiry, delving into the origins of philosophy becomes indispensable, as it unveils the distinct characteristics of philosophical thought developed over the ages and sheds light on this question as best as possible. 

 

The etymology of the word: "philosophy"

The term "philosophy" derives from the Greek word "philosophia." This word comprises a verb and a noun: "Philein," meaning "to love," and "sophia," signifying "wisdom." Consequently, "philosophia" can be literally translated as "I love wisdom," but it is commonly rendered as "The love of wisdom."

The philosopher, therefore, is one who ardently loves, desires, and seeks to attain or embody wisdom.

But what does "wisdom" truly entail? This concept embraces various meanings.

2.   Philosophy = a search for knowledge:

Wisdom, "Sophia," in ancient Greek, encompasses multifaceted aspects. A "sophos" (a sage or wise person) possesses knowledge that far surpasses that of "common mortals."

The sage is akin to a "scientist," well-versed in complex subjects such as astronomy and mathematics. For instance, Thales was renowned as a "sage."

In this sense, the philosopher, also known as "the lover or friend of knowledge," designates one who relentlessly seeks knowledge. Wisdom itself assumes an ideal of knowledge.

Furthermore, philosophical thought distinguishes itself from other forms of thought by employing reason in the quest for truth.

Originally, the pre-Socratic philosophers (who lived around the 7th and 6th centuries BC, preceding Socrates) sought to comprehend natural phenomena not through beliefs and myths but via reason and the pursuit of natural explanations for observed occurrences. For instance, Thales explained the phenomenon of eclipses by referring to the movement of planets, departing from traditional beliefs and myths.

Historically, the birth of philosophy coincides with the "Greek miracle," the rise of science (mathematics, astronomy, etc.) grounded in reason.

However, can a philosopher solely be associated with a scholar, someone who possesses theoretical knowledge of the world?

Another perspective on wisdom and the wise person emerges with Socrates.

3.   Philosophy: wisdom as self-questioning

Socrates articulates doubts about people's claims to knowledge and questions those who assert to know everything. He realizes that many individuals profess knowledge they do not genuinely possess, epitomizing the worst form of ignorance—unaware of their ignorance. In contrast, Socrates humbly declares, "I know that I don't know," thus prompting his quest for more knowledge.

Socrates aims to share this awareness with his fellow citizens by urging them to define and explain what they believe they know. For him, employing reason primarily involves questioning and independent thinking, rather than relying on the opinions of others.

However, challenging prejudices and traditions entails risks, as some individuals resent being perceived as ignorant.

Consequently, Socrates faced accusations of corrupting the youth and rejecting the city's gods, leading to a trial and a death sentence. He chose to endure the Athenian court's judgment rather than sacrificing his freedom of thought.

Plato, Socrates' friend and disciple, enables us to explore Socrates' life and ideas in the book titled "The Apology of Socrates."

Socrates' skepticism about the reliability of knowledge raises profound questions about different ways of understanding reality. Plato and Aristotle delve deeply into these questions in their works. What is known? What forms the basis of knowledge? How can we uncover the truth? Can we always attain it? (as exemplified in Plato's Allegory of the Cave)

However, if philosophy pertains to knowledge, is it solely theoretical, as commonly criticized? Neglecting the fact that discovering truth can profoundly transform one's behavior, attitude, and way of being would be remiss. Conversely, living in error or illusion significantly impacts behavior.

4.   Philosophy = reflection on values and goals.

While recognizing the vital importance of truth, philosophy cannot be detached from existential questions concerning human action's values and goals. Returning to Socrates, he employs reason to scrutinize moral queries: What constitutes virtue? What is good? What is required for true happiness? The answers to these questions profoundly shape an individual's life.

This facet of philosophical thought is immensely significant, as it involves questions about human values and goals. The central question concerns humanity's ultimate purpose. Happiness may seem an obvious answer, but defining its true essence precisely—whether it entails pleasure, freedom, virtue—presents intriguing preoccupations found in texts authored by Stoic and Epicurean philosophers (such as Epicurus' "Letter to Menoeceus," which delves into the conditions of happiness, and Epictetus' "Manual," written by a Greek Stoic philosopher).

In conclusion:

The essence of philosophy lies in utilizing one's reason to gain a profound understanding of the world and to expand one's knowledge. However, its purpose goes beyond mere theory; it also involves applying this knowledge to action. Indeed, knowledge of truth plays a crucial role in shaping values like freedom and happiness.

As a school discipline taught in secondary  school, philosophy maintains a modest ambition, primarily aiming to promote the use of reason and develop the autonomy of thought (crafting questions, fostering critical thinking, and rational argumentation). Yet, it remains hopeful that a philosophy course can foster comprehensive intellectual and personal growth.